The M.A. thesis "By Users for Users. Memes as Digital Folklore" examines the cultural, technological and political dimensions of Internet memes as one of the central image practices of the present day. Memes are understood not only as a humorous phenomenon, but also as an expression of a global, participatory image culture, which is often described as a form of digital folklore culture. The text examines the layers of meaning of this terminology and, in addition to the technological and aesthetic conditions of memes, analyzes their identity-forming function within digitally networked communities as well as their entanglements with platform capitalist infrastructures. A particular focus is on how individual memes, communities and platforms are appropriated and instrumentalized by reactionary actors.

The so-called Wojak meme, an amateurishly created computer graphic of a melancholy face, serves as a case study. Wojak illustrates not only the amateur aesthetics characteristic of memes, but also the function of memes as ‘visual dialects’ of certain communities which simultaneously include and exclude individuals. In particular, the Wojak meme and its variations are used by the reactionary alt-right and the misogynistic incel community to create and disseminate ideologies and enemy images under the guise of irony and humor.

Just as philosopher Antonio Gramsci described the relevance of folklore for early Italian fascism, digital folklore also contributes significantly to the constitution of world views and, often proving more powerful than official laws and values. What was once described as a ‘democratization of image production’ has long since become a threat to democracy. In its conclusion, the thesis therefore advocates for a critical folkloristics of the digital that analyzes the visual worlds of participatory culture in an interdisciplinary way between art history and media studies in order to reflect on their visual character and the dynamics of digital infrastructures.